| Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known
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| | Alzheimer would later work in the
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| simply as Alzheimer's, is a
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| | laboratory of the preeminent Emil
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| neurodegenerative disease characterized
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| | Kraepelin in Munich, Germany. Kraepelin
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| by progressive cognitive deterioration
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| | was the author of a leading textbook in
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| together with declining activities of
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| | psychiatry and was a strong believer that
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| daily living and neuropsychiatric
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| | neuropathology could be linked to
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| symptoms or behavioral changes. It is the
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| | clinical psychiatric function. Early in
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| most common type of dementia.
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| | April 1906, Auguste D. died, and
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| The most striking early symptom is loss
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| | Alzheimer worked with two Italian
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| of short term memory (amnesia), which
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| | physicians to examine her anatomy and
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| usually manifests as minor forgetfulness
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| | neuropathology. On November 3, 1906, he
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| that becomes steadily more pronounced
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| | presented Auguste D.'s case to the 37th
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| with illness progression, with relative
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| | Assembly of Southwest German
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| preservation of older memories. As the
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| | Psychiatrists and described the
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| disorder progresses, cognitive
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| | neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid
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| (intellectual) impairment extends to the
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| | plaques that have come to be considered
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| domains of language (aphasia), skilled
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| | the hallmark of the disease. Kraepelin
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| movements (apraxia), recognition
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| | would later write about this case and
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| (agnosia), and those functions (such as
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| | others in his Textbook for Students and
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| decision-making and planning) closely
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| | Doctors and index them under "Alzheimer's
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| related to the frontal and temporal lobes
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| | disease". By 1910, this denomination for
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| of the brain as they become disconnected
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| | the disease was well established among
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| from the limbic system, reflecting
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| | the specialist community. [2]
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| extension of the underlying pathological
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| | For most of the twentieth century, the
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| process. These changes make up the
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| | diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was
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| essential human qualities, and thus AD is
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| | reserved for individuals between the ages
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| sometimes described as a disease where
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| | of 45-65 who developed symptoms of
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| the victims suffer the loss of qualities
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| | presenile dementia due to the
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| that define human existence.
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| | histopathologic process discovered by Dr.
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| This pathological process consists
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| | Alzheimer (see below for description of
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| principally of neuronal loss or atrophy,
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| | brain tissue changes). During this time
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| principally in the temporoparietal
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| | senile dementia itself (as a set of
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| cortex, but also in the frontal cortex,
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| | symptoms) was considered to be a more or
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| together with an inflammatory response to
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| | less normal outcome of the aging process,
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| the deposition of amyloid plaques and
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| | and thought to be due to age-related
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| neurofibrillary tangles.
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| | brain arterial "hardening." In the 1970s
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| The ultimate cause of the disease is
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| | and early 1980s, because the symptoms and
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| unknown. Genetic factors are known to be
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| | brain pathology were identical for
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| important, and dominant mutations in
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| | Alzheimer victims older and younger than
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| three different genes have been
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| | age 65, the name "Alzheimer's disease"
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| identified that account for a much
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| | began to be used, within and outside the
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| smaller number of cases of familial,
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| | medical profession, equally for afflicted
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| early-onset AD. For the more common form
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| | individuals of all ages, although in this
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| of late onset AD (LOAD), two
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| | period the term senile dementia of the
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| susceptibility genes have been
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| | Alzheimer type (SDAT) was often used to
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| identified: ApoE and SORL1, or SORL1.[1].
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| | distinguish those over 65 who did not fit
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| In 1901, Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
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| | the classical age criterion. Eventually,
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| psychiatrist, interviewed a patient named
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| | the term Alzheimer's disease was adopted
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| Mrs. Auguste D., age 51. He showed her
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| | formally in the psychiatric and
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| several objects and later asked her what
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| | neurological nomenclature to describe
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| she had been shown. She could not
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| | individuals of all ages with the
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| remember. He would initially record her
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| | characteristic common symptom pattern,
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| behavior as "amnestic writing disorder,"
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| | disease course, and neuropathology. The
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| but Mrs. Auguste D. would be the first
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| | term Alzheimer disease (without the
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| patient to be identified with Alzheimer's
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| | apostrophe and s) also continues to be
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| disease.
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| | used commonly in the literature.
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